Bishop's Challenge
               Educational Resources

1839

Unable to raise support among leaders of the Pennsylvania Lutheran Synod, the Rev. Jehu Jones loses the mortgage on his Black congregation’s building

•  Jehu Jones biography

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1890’s

Rise of Jim Crow laws to disenfranchise and remove economic gains made by Blacks during Reconstruction

• Reconstruction and retrenchment

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1921

Tulsa, OK riots wipe out vibrant Black area of city, a major setback for Tulsa’s Black population.

• 1921 Tulsa Race Massacre

• NY Times interactive site Tusla Race Massacre (subscription may be required)

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1944-1956

The GI Bill failed to compensate Black veterans of WWII the same as Whites.

• The GI Bill

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1950 - today

Redlining used by lenders to restrict Black ownership in certain areas of American cities

• The History of Redlining in NJ

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1988 to the Present

• Black Lutheranism and the ELCA​

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